What is the disease goitre?

Goiter is a swelling in the neck caused by an enlarged thyroid gland. This is the gland responsible for the production of the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones control the speed at which the body produces energy, and they are essential for normal growth and development.

Causes:

Goiter can be caused by a number of factors; however, the most common is probably a deficiency of iodine. This mineral is essential for proper functioning of the thyroid, in fact; its major function is to make thyroxine and triiodothyronine. It is especially important for the proper growth and development of the fetus and newborn. Without iodine, the thyroid cannot produce thyroid hormone, which leads to hypothyroidism (low thyroid levels). In an attempt to stimulate the thyroid to produce more thyroid hormones, the body sends a chemical signal by means of a protein substance in the blood called thyroglobulin. This results in swelling and growth of the thyroid, causing goiter.

Other causes of goiter include:

- Autoimmune disorders: Graves’ disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are autoimmune diseases in which the body mistakenly attacks its own thyroid tissue, leading to goiter.

- Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland, called thyroiditis, can also lead to goiter.

- Nodular thyroids: Sometimes, a multinodular goiter, which is an enlarged thyroid that contains several nodules (solid lumps), can develop.

- Cancer of the thyroid: Although uncommon, thyroid cancer can also cause goiter.

Symptoms:

- A visible or palpable swelling of the neck.

- Difficulty in swallowing.

- A feeling of fullness or tightness in the neck.

- Hoarseness or changes in voice.

- Difficulty breathing.

- Thyroid symptoms, such as fatigue, weight gain or loss, anxiety, muscle weakness, etc.

Treatment:

The treatment of goiter depends on the underlying cause and the severity of symptoms. In some cases, the doctor may recommend medication or surgery:

- Medication: For goiter caused by iodine deficiency, iodine supplements may be prescribed. For goiter caused by other conditions, such as an overactive thyroid or thyroiditis, medications may be prescribed to control symptoms.

- Surgery: Surgery is often recommended if a goiter is causing significant compression or respiratory or swallowing difficulties. Surgery may also be recommended if the goiter is cancerous.

Prevention:

The best way to prevent iodine-deficient goiter is to ensure that you get enough iodine in your diet. This can be done by consuming foods that are rich in iodine, such as seafood, dairy products, and iodized salt.