Which molecules are most closely linked to heart disease in humans?

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), also known as "bad" cholesterol, is the primary molecule linked to heart disease. LDL cholesterol can accumulate in the arteries, forming plaques that narrow the arteries and restrict blood flow to the heart.

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), often called "good" cholesterol, helps to remove LDL cholesterol from the arteries and transport it back to the liver, where it is excreted from the body. Higher levels of HDL cholesterol are typically associated with a lower risk of heart disease.

Triglycerides are a type of fat that can also accumulate in the arteries and contribute to the formation of plaques. High levels of triglycerides, often associated with obesity, diabetes, and certain genetic conditions, increase the risk of heart disease.

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a variant of LDL cholesterol that can also contribute to heart disease. Lp(a) is produced in the liver and its levels are genetically determined. High levels of Lp(a) are linked to an increased risk of heart disease, even in individuals with normal levels of LDL cholesterol.