Heat Stroke First Aid

Heat stroke is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by prolonged exposure to hot temperatures. Heat stroke shuts down the body's ability to regulate temperature, which results in overheating, and can lead to organ failure, circulatory collapse and death. Signs and symptoms are often present as an indicator that heat stroke is imminent. Heat stroke is a medical emergency that requires 911 services, though first aid treatment can be provided to assist the victim until emergency services arrives.

Signs And Symptoms

• The body responds to heat by sending signals from nerve receptors in the skin to the brain, which then triggers sweating as a means of cooling the body. Sweat covers the skin and evaporates on skin surface, resulting in a cooling sensation, which works to bring body temperature down. Exposure to prolonged sun or heat can decrease the skin's ability to sense heat and begin the sweating process.

  Victims of heat stroke often have hot, dry, reddened skin due to the inability to produce sweat. Blood flow pools to the arms, legs and torso in effort to help cool the body and aid skin receptors. This can place demand on the heart, which results in a rapid heartbeat and decreased circulation. Victims of heat stroke may have a fast pulse, nausea and vomiting, shallow breathing, and can become irritable or confused as blood flow to the brain is reduced; ultimately resulting in unconsciousness.

First Aid Treatment

• Recognizing the symptoms of heat stroke is the first step in treatment. Immediately remove a heat stroke victim from the direct sunlight or source of heat, by taking him to a shady, cool spot.

  Loosen the victim's clothing or remove layers of clothing. Exposing the skin to air circulation helps with cooling. Then, use cool, damp cloths or towels and cover the victim's exposed skin to aid with cooling. Keep the cloths damp with cool water and replace them as needed.

  Give the victim sips of water if he is conscious and able to swallow. Dehydration often occurs during heat stroke and providing small, frequent sips of water will help rehydrate the victim. Do not offer the victim anything but water, as other liquids, such as alcohol or caffeine, can make dehydration worse. In addition, don't attempt to give water to a victim unable to swallow, as choking can result.

  Allow the victim to lie on her side. This offers protection against injury should the victim faint, and also keeps the airway clear if vomiting ensues. Then, stay with the victim until medical help arrives.