What are the problems of septal deformities?

Septal deformities, especially those involving the ventricular septum (VSD) or the atrial septum (ASD), can cause a range of problems depending on their size, location, and associated defects. Some common problems associated with septal deformities include:

1. Abnormal Shunting of Blood:

- VSDs and ASDs can lead to abnormal shunting of blood between the heart chambers. This can cause an imbalance in blood flow, putting strain on the heart and potentially leading to heart failure.

2. Increased Pressure in the Heart:

- Large septal defects can cause increased pressure in the heart chambers, especially on the side with higher pressure. This can lead to enlargement and weakening of the heart muscle, as well as valve regurgitation.

3. Heart Murmurs:

- Septal defects often cause abnormal heart sounds known as heart murmurs. While not all murmurs are concerning, some may indicate a significant defect that requires evaluation.

4. Dyspnea (Shortness of Breath):

- As septal defects grow larger or cause significant shunting, individuals may experience shortness of breath, especially with exertion. This occurs due to the extra blood volume the heart has to pump.

5. Fatigue and Weakness:

- Septal defects can lead to fatigue, weakness, and exercise intolerance. This is due to the heart working harder to pump blood effectively.

6. Right-Sided Heart Failure:

- Large VSDs, particularly those involving the outlet septum, can cause right-sided heart failure. This occurs when the increased blood flow to the lungs puts excessive pressure on the right ventricle, leading to its enlargement and eventual failure.

7. Pulmonary Hypertension:

- Septal defects can lead to increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary hypertension). This can cause damage to the lung blood vessels and further strain the right side of the heart.

8. Paradoxical Embolism:

- Rarely, septal defects can cause paradoxical embolism, where a blood clot from the lower body passes through the defect and travels to the systemic circulation, potentially leading to stroke or other complications.

9. Infective Endocarditis Risk:

- Individuals with septal defects have a higher risk of infective endocarditis, an infection of the heart valves or inner lining of the heart.

It's important to note that the severity and specific problems associated with septal deformities can vary widely based on the individual case. Regular monitoring and appropriate medical interventions are crucial for managing these defects and preventing complications.