Where from hemoglobin formed in human body?

In humans, hemoglobin is primarily produced in the red bone marrow. The red bone marrow is a specialized tissue located within the cancellous (spongy) bone of certain bones, such as the sternum, pelvis, and long bones like the femur and humerus. It is responsible for producing all the cellular components of blood, including red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).

Hemoglobin is a complex protein composed of four protein subunits called globin chains and four iron-containing heme groups. The synthesis of hemoglobin involves multiple steps and requires various nutrients, including iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid.

The production of hemoglobin begins with the formation of globin chains. Specialized cells in the red bone marrow, known as erythroid progenitor cells, undergo differentiation and maturation to become reticulocytes. During this process, the globin chains are synthesized on ribosomes within the cells using genetic information from the DNA.

Once synthesized, the four globin chains associate with each other to form the globin protein structure. The heme groups, each composed of an iron ion surrounded by a porphyrin ring, are then inserted into the globin protein to form the complete hemoglobin molecule. This complex assembly process takes place within the developing red blood cells.

The reticulocytes, which contain immature hemoglobin, are then released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream. They further mature and lose their cellular components to become fully functional red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes. These red blood cells circulate throughout the body, carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide as a waste product.

It's important to note that the regulation and production of hemoglobin are tightly controlled by various hormones, such as erythropoietin, and are influenced by factors like oxygen levels, iron availability, and overall health conditions.