How can herpes virus be spread if it is dormant and never had a outbreak?

Herpes viruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), can be spread even if they are dormant and have never caused an outbreak. Here are some ways in which herpes viruses can spread in their dormant phase:

1. Reactivation from latency: Herpes viruses can lie dormant in nerve cells of an infected person after the initial infection. Even without visible symptoms or active lesions, the virus can reactivate periodically and shed, potentially transmitting the infection to others.

2. Asymptomatic shedding: Some individuals infected with herpes viruses may experience periods of asymptomatic shedding. During these times, they may shed the virus without showing any symptoms. However, they can still transmit the virus to others through close contact, even if they are unaware of their infection.

3. Transmission during latency: Although less common, there have been instances where herpes viruses have been transmitted from people who are in the latent phase of infection. Although the risk is lower compared to active outbreaks, there's still a possibility of transmission through close contact or sharing personal items.

4. Indirect transmission: Herpes viruses can also be transmitted indirectly through contaminated objects or surfaces. For example, sharing items like towels, razors, or utensils with an infected person who is shedding the virus may lead to transmission, especially if there are any abrasions or open wounds.

5. Congenital transmission: Some herpes viruses, particularly VZV (the virus that causes chickenpox and shingles), can be transmitted from an infected pregnant woman to her unborn child. Congenital transmission usually occurs during the primary infection in pregnancy and can lead to serious complications for the newborn.

It's important to note that while transmission is possible during the dormant phase, the risk is generally lower compared to periods of active outbreaks. People with herpes infections should take precautions to prevent spreading the virus, such as practicing safe sex, avoiding sharing personal items, and keeping the affected areas clean and covered. Regular medical check-ups and discussions with a healthcare provider can help manage the infection and reduce the risk of transmission.