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What Are Cold Sores & How Are They Formed?

Cold sores are small, painful blisters caused by a strain of the herpes virus. According to the National Institutes of Health, about 50 percent of the U.S. population is infected with the virus by the time they are in their twenties. Although cold sores are very common, exposure does not necessarily lead to an outbreak. An individual's immune system may be able to suppress the virus.

  1. Formation

    • Cold sores are caused by herpes simplex virus type 1, whereas genital herpes are caused by type 2 of the same virus. The virus is spread through skin-to-skin contact, and an incubation period of two to 12 days generally passes before the newly infected individual develops a cold sore. Cold sores usually develop on and around the mouth. They can develop on other parts of the face, including the nose, cheeks or chin. Cold sores generally do not form inside the mouth. The virus never leaves the body completely; it lies dormant until triggered, and then an outbreak occurs.

    Prevention

    • Although cold sores cannot be completely prevented, you can take steps to help reduce outbreaks and relieve symptoms. Regular hand-washing routines and sunblock use are two habits that are important for people prone to cold sores. People should be careful not to touch other parts of their body or share items during an outbreak. Kissing and skin contact with others should also be avoided if blisters are present. Avoiding triggers such as illness and extra stress are one of the most effective ways to minimize recurrence.

    Treatment

    • There are several treatment options available to treat cold sores, but each individual may respond differently. Over-the-counter cold sore ointments can be applied to the area to help relieve and control outbreaks. Home remedies such as petroleum jelly and moisturizers help keep the sores from cracking while they heal. Ice helps minimize redness and swelling and inhibits the growth of the virus.

    Recurrence

    • The herpes virus remains in the body until something triggers an outbreak. Extreme temperatures, diet, sunlight, fatigue, stress and excess alcohol intake can all lead to an outbreak. Menstruation, pregnancy, injury and illness are also common triggers. Generally speaking, anything that compromises the immune system can lead to the recurrence of cold sores.

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