What causes hypertension?
The exact cause of essential hypertension (primary hypertension), the most common type of high blood pressure, is not fully known. However, several factors have been identified as contributing to its development:
Genetics: Hypertension can run in families, suggesting a genetic component. Certain gene variants may affect the way the body regulates blood pressure.
Age: The risk of hypertension increases with age. The aging process causes arteries to become stiffer and less flexible, which can increase blood pressure.
Race and ethnicity: Black people are more likely to develop hypertension than people of other races. African Americans have a higher prevalence of certain genetic variants that may increase the risk of hypertension.
Gender: Men are more likely to develop hypertension than women, especially before the age of 65. However, after menopause, women's risk of hypertension increases and becomes comparable to that of men.
Weight: Being overweight or obese increases the risk of hypertension. Excess weight can put pressure on the blood vessels and increase blood volume, leading to higher blood pressure.
Physical activity: Lack of regular physical activity is a risk factor for hypertension. Exercise helps to lower blood pressure and improve overall cardiovascular health.
Diet: A diet high in saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, and salt (sodium) can contribute to hypertension. Consuming plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help maintain healthy blood pressure.
Smoking: Smoking damages the blood vessel walls and increases the risk of hypertension.
Excessive alcohol intake: Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure.
Chronic kidney disease: People with chronic kidney disease are more likely to develop hypertension. The kidneys play a role in regulating blood pressure, and when they are damaged, their ability to do so is impaired.
Certain medical conditions: Some medical conditions, such as diabetes, thyroid problems, sleep apnea, and certain hormonal disorders, can increase the risk of hypertension.
In addition to these factors, certain medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and oral contraceptives, can also cause or worsen hypertension.
It's important to note that hypertension often develops due to a combination of these factors, and it's crucial for individuals to control modifiable risk factors and work with their healthcare provider to manage their blood pressure effectively.