How is HIV transmitted from person to person?

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is primarily transmitted through specific bodily fluids from an infected person to an uninfected person. The main routes of HIV transmission are:

1. Sexual Contact: HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sex (vaginal, anal, or oral) with an infected person. During sex, the infected person's bodily fluids, such as semen, vaginal fluid, or rectal fluid, may contain high levels of HIV and can enter the bloodstream of the uninfected partner, leading to infection.

2. Blood Transfusion: HIV can be transmitted through blood transfusions or blood products if the donated blood is contaminated with the virus. However, this risk is now very low in developed countries due to strict screening of blood donations.

3. Sharing Needles and Drug Paraphernalia: Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-related equipment with an infected person can lead to HIV transmission. When multiple people use the same needle or other equipment, even a small amount of contaminated blood can transfer the virus from one person to another.

4. Mother-to-Child Transmission (Perinatal): HIV can be transmitted from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Without proper medical care and interventions, the risk of transmission from mother to child can be significant.

It's important to note that HIV is not spread through casual contact, such as touching, shaking hands, sharing utensils, or being in the same room with an infected person. The virus can only be transmitted through specific bodily fluids and under certain circumstances.

Preventing HIV transmission involves practicing safe sex (using condoms), avoiding sharing needles and drug paraphernalia, and ensuring proper screening of blood transfusions. Additionally, pregnant women living with HIV can receive medical care and treatment to minimize the risk of transmitting the virus to their child.