How is HIV transmitted from mother to child?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can be transmitted from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. This is known as mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV.

1. During Pregnancy: HIV can cross the placenta and infect the developing fetus. This risk increases as the pregnancy progresses, particularly in the third trimester.

2. During Childbirth: During vaginal delivery, the infant may come into contact with infected maternal blood or vaginal fluids, increasing the risk of HIV transmission.

3. Through Breastfeeding: HIV can be present in breast milk, and breastfeeding can transmit the virus to the nursing infant.

Without proper interventions, the risk of MTCT can be substantial, ranging from 15% to 45% if left untreated. However, with effective prevention strategies, including antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the mother, safer delivery practices, and avoidance of breastfeeding, the transmission rate can be significantly reduced.

Preventing MTCT of HIV involves a combination of measures:

- Early Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV in Pregnant Women: Early identification of HIV infection during pregnancy is crucial. With proper and consistent ART, the viral load in the mother's blood can be suppressed, greatly reducing the risk of transmission to the child.

- Cesarean Delivery (C-section) for HIV-Positive Mothers: Elective C-section is recommended for HIV-positive women to minimize the risk of exposure to infected maternal fluids during vaginal delivery.

- Avoiding Breastfeeding: Breastfeeding should be avoided by HIV-positive mothers to prevent transmission of the virus through breast milk. Alternative feeding options, such as formula milk, should be used.

- Post-natal Care and Treatment for the Infant: After birth, the infant may receive antiretroviral prophylaxis to further reduce the risk of HIV transmission. Regular monitoring and follow-up care are essential to ensure the infant's well-being and early detection of any HIV infection.

Through early diagnosis, effective treatment, and preventive measures, significant progress has been made in reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV, contributing to improved health outcomes and survival for both mothers and their children.