Cushing's Disease Definition

Cushing's disease is the long-term condition of having high levels of glucocorticoids within the body, caused by the presence of an adenoma in the pituitary gland. This pituitary gland tumor releases high levels of the ACTH hormone, adrenocorticotropin, into the blood, which then causes the expression of the Cushing's disease symptoms.

Identification

• The benign tumor found on the pituitary gland releases large amounts of the ACTH hormone. This hormone then causes the adrenal gland to produce corticosteroids, but in large amounts, comparable to the high release levels of the ACTH hormone.

Function

• In Cushing's disease the pituitary gland is usually invaded with very small tumors, or microadenomas, which are usually suspected to exist, when increased levels of ACTH hormone are detected within the blood. Tests are then performed to accurately identify the condition as Cushing's disease.

Symptoms

• Although symptoms vary from person to person, Cushing's disease is characterized by the fattening of the upper body, with the exclusion of the arms and legs. Also, slow wound healing and lasting skin infections, sensitive skin, round and plump face, weak muscles, fatigue, irregular menstruation in women, as well as osteoporosis, hypertension and increased blood sugar are also indications of Cushing's disease.

Effects

• The effects of the increased ACTH hormone release can lead to diabetes mellitus, because it causes insulin resistance within the body, which prevents the break down of circulating sugars, causing hyperglycemia. This condition also affects the mind by causing feelings of anxiety, depression, panic and other psychological conditions.

Women

• In addition to an irregular menstrual cycle, women with Cushing's disease may become sterile. Women may also grow facial hair, and hair on their abdomens, chests, thighs and neck. Men may experience impotence and sterility, as well.

Treatment

• Cushing's disease is treated by removing the pituitary adenoma. The surgery is often followed with radiation to prevent the reoccurrence of the tumor. Specific treatment plans are developed for each individual patient, which may involve taking cortisone as the patient recovers from the disease. If left untreated, Cushing's disease may cause further damage to the heart, and it may become life-compromising to the patient.