What is the female hormone produced by ovaries during puberty and what changes does it make in body?

Estrogen is the main female hormone produced by the ovaries. It plays a crucial role in the physical changes that occur during puberty in girls. Here are the main changes associated with estrogen production:

1. Breast Development: Estrogen stimulates the growth and development of breasts. The mammary glands enlarge, and the nipples and areolae become prominent.

2. Menstrual Cycle: Estrogen helps regulate the menstrual cycle. It thickens the uterine lining (endometrium) in preparation for the possible implantation of a fertilized egg. If the egg is not fertilized, the uterus sheds its lining during menstruation.

3. Changes in Body Shape: Estrogen contributes to the development of feminine body contours. Hips widen and the waist becomes more narrow, creating an hourglass figure.

4. Pubic Hair Growth: Estrogen stimulates the growth of pubic hair.

5. Underarm Hair Growth: Estrogen also promotes underarm hair growth.

6. Skin Changes: Estrogen influences the skin's texture and appearance, making it smoother, softer, and more elastic.

7. Fat Distribution: Estrogen affects the distribution of body fat, promoting the accumulation of fat in the breasts, hips, and thighs.

8. Bone Growth and Maturation: Estrogen helps regulate bone growth and increases bone mineral density during puberty.

9. Voice Changes: Estrogen contributes to the softening and higher pitch of the voice.

10. Reproductive Organs Maturation: Estrogen prepares the reproductive organs for potential pregnancy and childbirth by maturing the uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina.

11. Emotional Changes: Estrogen can influence mood and emotions. Some individuals may experience heightened sensitivity or mood swings during certain phases of the menstrual cycle.

12. Cognitive Effects: Research suggests that estrogen may play a role in cognitive functions, including memory and verbal fluency.

13. Musculoskeletal Changes: Estrogen contributes to muscle development and flexibility. It also strengthens the ligaments and tendons.

It's important to note that the effects of estrogen can vary among individuals, and they are influenced by genetic, environmental, and other hormonal factors.