What is hyperprolactinemia?
Hyperprolactinemia is a condition characterized by elevated levels of the hormone prolactin in the blood. Prolactin is primarily produced by the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. It plays a crucial role in regulating milk production in women who have recently given birth and is involved in various reproductive functions in both men and women.
When prolactin levels become too high, it can lead to a range of symptoms and potential health issues. The most common symptom of hyperprolactinemia is galactorrhea, which is the production of breast milk in women who are not breastfeeding or have not recently given birth. Other symptoms can include:
In women:
- Irregular periods or amenorrhea (absence of menstrual periods)
- Infertility
- Reduced breast development
- Loss of libido
In men:
- Erectile dysfunction
- Low sperm count
- Reduced libido
- Gynecomastia (breast enlargement)
Hyperprolactinemia can be caused by several factors, including:
- Certain medications: Some drugs, such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, and some hormonal treatments, can increase prolactin levels.
- Pituitary tumors: Prolactin-secreting tumors of the pituitary gland, also known as prolactinomas, can lead to excessive prolactin production.
- Hypothyroidism: Low levels of thyroid hormones can disrupt the normal regulation of prolactin.
- Other medical conditions: Certain conditions, including kidney disease, liver disease, and stress, can affect prolactin levels.
Diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia typically involves blood tests to measure prolactin levels. Imaging studies, such as MRI scans, may be used to evaluate the pituitary gland if a prolactinoma is suspected.
Treatment for hyperprolactinemia depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, simply stopping or adjusting the medication that is causing the elevated prolactin levels may be sufficient. For prolactinomas, treatment options include medications, surgery, and radiation therapy.
It's important for individuals who experience symptoms of hyperprolactinemia to seek medical evaluation to determine the cause and receive appropriate treatment.