Frostbite Facts

Frostbite can occur with little or no warning. It arises when the tissues of your body freeze deeply due to very cold temperatures. Tissue damaged by frostbite will appear white or very pale, with swelling and a waxy hardness. Victims may often be unable to feel affected areas.

What Causes Frostbite

• Cold temperatures can cause ice crystals and clots to form within exposed tissue. This leads to poor circulation throughout the face and extremities, where frostbite is most likely to occur. Lack of circulation, if persistent, will cause dehydration and death of the affected cells. After prolonged exposure, the integrity of the underlying blood vessels causing damage of blood vessels, nerves and muscle tissue.

Stage One of Frostbite

• Frostnip: During this stage the victim will experience a tingling sensation at affected locations. The skin will turn very white and become soft and flaccid. There is no blistering during this stage and no permanent damage. Frostnip may be reversed.

Stage Two of Frostbite

• Superficial Frostbite: During this stage the victim may begin to notice blistering and a numb and waxy sensation in the skin. Because of the ice crystals which are now forming in the skin cells, affected body areas will feel stiff and inflexible.

Stage Three of Frostbite

• Deep Frostbite: This is the most severe stage of frostbite, during which muscles, nerves, tendons, blood vessels and even bones may freeze. Often, deep frostbite leads to permanent damage; in the most severe cases formation of blood clots and gangrene. At this stage there is usually no blistering but no sensation can be felt in the affected areas. Though with deep frostbite some frozen limbs may be saved, this is only possible if medical attention is sought immediately. This stage often leads to serious infection and loss of a limb.

How to Protect a Frostbite Victim

• If you or someone with you becomes a victim of frostbite, here's what you should do:
  • Get indoors, in a warm place as soon as possible.
  • Cover the victim with warm blankets.
  • Do not walk if your feet or toes have been frostbitten, this may cause more serious damage.
  • Immerse the affected areas into warm water. DO NOT use hot water.
  • Warm the affected area using body heat.
  • Do not try to rub or massage the affected areas as this may cause further tissue damage.
  • Do not try to increase the body temperature by using a fire, heating pads or stove. Affected areas have no sensation and this may cause them to burn easily.
  • Once the affected areas have been washed and dried, wrap them in sterile bandages to prevent infection.
  • Your doctor may prescribe oral antibiotics or ointment to further prevent infection.

How to Prevent Frostbite

• Everyone is vulnerable to frostbite. If you are going to be spending time in cold temperatures where you are significantly at risk you should take the following precautions:

  • Check the weather report.
  • Dress to suit the weather.
  • Remember that the temperature will be cooler at night.
  • Wear loose, layered clothing so your circulation is not restricted.
  • Refrain from smoking or consuming alcohol.
  • Eat regular meals.
  • Stay hydrated.