Leishmaniasis? - Answers

Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. These parasites are transmitted to humans and other animals by the bite of infected female sandflies.

There are three main clinical presentations of leishmaniasis:

1. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most serious form of the disease, characterized by fever, weight loss, anemia, and splenomegaly. It is often fatal if not treated.

2. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is characterized by skin lesions that can range from self-healing ulcers to disfiguring nodules and plaques.

3. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) is the most severe form of cutaneous leishmaniasis, characterized by the destruction of mucosal tissue in the nose, mouth, and pharynx.

Leishmaniasis is a public health problem in many parts of the world, with an estimated 1.3 million new cases of VL each year. It is most common in the tropics and subtropics, particularly in South America, East Africa, and Southeast Asia.

Diagnosis of leishmaniasis is usually done by microscopic examination of tissue smears or cultures. Treatment typically involves the use of pentavalent antimonials, such as sodium stibogluconate, or paromomycin.

Prevention of leishmaniasis involves avoiding sandfly bites, such as by wearing long sleeves and pants, using insect repellent, and sleeping under mosquito nets.