The Advantages of a Direct Stained Smear

Microorganism identification plays a significant role in the treatment of disease. Microscopic examination of a stained smear is usually the first step in detecting and identifying disease-causing bacteria. Although the procedure does not make a definitive identification, it provides important clues regarding the organism's size, shape and structural composition. Stains are either direct or indirect. When a direct stain is used, it can be either simple or differential. Despite its limitations, direct staining has numerous advantages.

Smear Preparation

• The first step in direct bacterial staining procedures is preparation of a smear. Cells from a culture or specimen are spread in a thin film over a glass microscope slide, dried and fixed using heat or a chemical fixative. Fixing the smear attaches the bacteria to the slide and prevents them from being washed away during the staining procedure. Smears should be thin enough to allow observation of individual cells and fixed sufficiently to allow repeated washings during the staining procedure.

Stains

• Because of their high water content, microbes are almost colorless. Staining enhances them and reveals their different characteristics. Stains are generally salts composed of charged particles, called ions. When mixed with water, a salt dissociates into positively charged cations and negatively charged anions. Stains are salts in which either the cations or anions are colored. Depending on which type of ion carries the color, common microbiological stains are either basic or acidic. Basic stains contain colored cations and colorless anions. Examples of basic stains include methylene blue, basic fuchsin and crystal violet. Acidic stains have colored anions and colorless cations. Examples include eosin, Congo red and nigrosin.

Principle

• Bacteria carry a slight net negative charge. Consequently, they attract and bind positively charged basic stains. Because the bacteria themselves retain the dye, the process is a direct staining method. A direct stain can be either simple or differential. Simple staining uses one dye to reveal the size, shape and arrangement of bacteria. A differential stain, such as the Gram stain, uses two different colored basic dyes to distinguish types of bacteria in addition to their physical characteristics. Indirect, or negative staining techniques use acidic stains. The bacteria repel the dye and remain colorless against the stain-retaining background.

Advantages

• Direct staining of bacterial cells is the most commonly used technique for visualizing bacteria. It is inexpensive, simple and relatively fast. This technique provides health care professionals with same-day results, a potential life-saving advantage when diagnosing and treating some infections, such as bacterial meningitis. Direct stained smears are permanent preparations that can be reexamined at a later time, if necessary. Because direct staining kills the bacteria, your risk of infection from handling the smear is reduced.