Spinal Meningitis in Adults

The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by meninges. There are three levels of meninges, which protect the brain and spinal cord. When the meninges become inflamed, it's referred to as spinal meningitis. In adults, the condition produces a variety of symptoms, and can become life threatening.

Causes

• Spinal meningitis can be caused by either a bacteria or virus in adults. Viral spinal meningitis is caused by several types of virus. However, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the most common virus which causes meningitis in adults is enteroviruses. There are two main types of bacteria which cause spinal meningitis including Streptococcus pneumonia and Neisseria meningitids. Both viral and bacterial meningitis are considered contagious.

Considerations

• It's essential to determine the cause of spinal meningitis. A lumbar puncture is usually done to obtain a sample of the spinal fluid. The fluid is analyzed to determine the presence of either a virus or bacteria. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, bacterial spinal meningitis is considered more serious than viral meningitis and different treatment may be needed.

Symptoms

• Symptoms can develop very quickly in a hour or two, or gradually develop over a few days. Symptoms of spinal meningitis in adults caused by either a bacteria or virus include a fever, headache, nausea, vomiting and a stiff neck. Fatigue, sensitivity to light and sleepiness are also common. Additional symptoms of spinal meningitis caused by a bacteria include confusion and seizures as the illness progresses.

Complications

• Complications can occur with spinal meningitis, especially bacterial spinal meningitis. According to the Mayo Clinic, complications can be severe and life threatening. Brain damage can occur which can cause a variety of neurological deficits such as problems with speech and paralysis. Hearing and vision loss can also occur. Seeking medical attention as soon as symptoms start and getting treatment early may reduce the likelihood of complications.

Treatment

• Treatment will vary depending on whether the meningitis is caused by a bacteria or virus. Antibiotics will not cure viral spinal meningitis. Plenty of rest will be advised, as well as fluids to prevent dehydration and over the counter medications to reduce fever and headache. Bacterial meningitis will require treatment with antibiotics. Medications may be given intravenously or orally, depending on the severity of symptoms. In some cases, steroids will be given to reduce swelling in the brain and prevent brain damage.