What is tuberculosis meningitis?

Tuberculosis meningitis (TBM) is a serious form of tuberculosis (TB) that affects the membranes and fluid that surround the brain and spinal cord (meninges). TBM is caused by a type of bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

TBM is a rare disease, but it is more common in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, diabetes, or cancer. TBM can also occur in people who have been exposed to TB bacteria but have not developed active TB.

Symptoms of TBM can include:

* Headache

* Fever

* Nausea and vomiting

* Stiff neck

*Confusion

* Seizures

* Coma

TBM can be diagnosed with a variety of tests, including:

* Blood tests: Blood tests can detect antibodies to TB bacteria.

* Lumbar puncture (spinal tap):A sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is taken from the spinal cord and tested for TB bacteria.

* Imaging studies: CT scans and MRI scans can show inflammation in the meninges and brain.

TBM is treated with antibiotics for at least 12 months. The antibiotics are usually given intravenously (IV). In some cases, surgery may be necessary to drain fluid from the brain or to remove infected tissue.

TBM can be a life-threatening disease, but it is usually curable if it is diagnosed and treated early.

Preventing TBM

The best way to prevent TBM is to prevent TB infection. TB infection can be prevented by:

* Getting vaccinated against TB. The TB vaccine is recommended for all children and adults who are at risk of TB exposure.

* Avoiding close contact with people who have TB.

* Taking preventive medication if you have been exposed to TB.

If you have any symptoms of TBM, it is important to see a doctor right away. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve your chances of a full recovery.