How do horses contract a staphylococcal infection?

Staphylococcal infections in horses are primarily caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Horses can acquire this bacterium through various means:

1. Direct Contact: Direct contact with an infected horse or contaminated surfaces is a common mode of transmission. When an infected horse sheds bacteria through open wounds, nasal discharge, or skin lesions, it can be easily transmitted to other horses.

2. Skin Injuries: Open wounds, lacerations, or abrasions on the horse's skin provide an entry point for staphylococcal bacteria. If these wounds are not properly cleaned and treated, the bacteria can invade and cause an infection.

3. Medical Procedures: During medical procedures, such as surgery or catheterization, the introduction of staphylococcal bacteria can occur. If sterile techniques are not strictly followed, the risk of infection increases.

4. Respiratory Infections: Staphylococcal bacteria can also enter the respiratory tract through the inhalation of airborne droplets. This is particularly relevant in overcrowded or poorly ventilated stables.

5. Foals: Foals are more susceptible to staphylococcal infections due to their immature immune systems. They may acquire the bacteria during birth or through contact with infected adults.

6. Environmental Sources: Staphylococcus aureus can survive in the environment for extended periods. Horses may come into contact with these bacteria through contaminated soil, water, or bedding materials.

Horses with compromised immune systems, chronic underlying conditions, or severe injuries are at higher risk of developing staphylococcal infections. Early detection, appropriate antibiotic treatment, and good hygiene practices are crucial in managing and preventing staphylococcal infections in horses.