Why do Women athletes sometimes experience disturbances in their reproductive cycles?

There are several reasons why women athletes may experience disturbances in their reproductive cycles. These reasons can be broadly classified into two main categories:

Changes in energy balance and body composition:

Intense physical activity and training can affect a woman's energy balance and body composition. When an athlete's energy expenditure exceeds their energy intake, it can lead to a condition known as relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S). RED-S can cause changes in hormone levels, such as decreased estrogen and progesterone, which are essential for regulating the menstrual cycle. Lack of sufficient body fat can also disrupt the production of these hormones. These hormonal imbalances can lead to disturbances in the menstrual cycle, including irregular periods or amenorrhea (absence of periods for three or more consecutive months).

Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis suppression:

The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries are involved in regulating the menstrual cycle through a complex interplay of hormones. Intense exercise can suppress the normal functioning of this hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. During periods of heavy physical training, the body may prioritize energy toward essential physiological functions and reduce the production of reproductive hormones. This can result in menstrual cycle irregularities or even temporary amenorrhea.

Additional factors that may contribute to menstrual disturbances in women athletes include:

Genetic predisposition: Some women may be more genetically prone to experiencing menstrual disturbances during intense training or exercise.

Stress: Psychological stress associated with high-level competition or training can also affect hormone levels and contribute to menstrual irregularities.

Nutritional deficiencies: Inadequate intake of certain nutrients, such as iron, vitamin D, or calcium, can disrupt hormonal balance and impact reproductive function.

It's important for women athletes to be aware of these potential disturbances and to work closely with healthcare professionals, sports medicine specialists, and registered dietitians to ensure optimal health and well-being. Managing energy balance, maintaining adequate nutrition, and addressing other underlying factors can help minimize menstrual disturbances and maintain reproductive health in women athletes.