What is celiac disease?

Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition triggered by the ingestion of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, rye and possibly oats. In individuals with celiac disease, the immune system mistakenly attacks the small intestine, causing inflammation and damage to the villi, which are small, finger-like structures lining the small intestine that help absorb nutrients. This damage leads to malabsorption of nutrients, which can result in various symptoms and complications.

Celiac disease is often associated with gastrointestinal symptoms such as:

- Abdominal pain and bloating

- Diarrhea or constipation

- Weight loss or difficulty gaining weight

- Gas and flatulence

- Unexplained iron-deficiency anemia

- Fatigue and chronic tiredness

However, celiac disease can also present with non-gastrointestinal manifestations, including:

- Skin rashes, such as dermatitis herpetiformis

- Neurological symptoms like depression, anxiety, or headaches

- Infertility or recurrent miscarriages

- Tooth enamel defects or delayed puberty in children

- Joint pain or muscle cramps

Diagnosis of celiac disease involves blood tests to check for specific antibodies and genetic markers associated with the condition. Confirmation may require a small intestine biopsy to assess the damage to the villi. It's important to continue consuming gluten until the diagnostic tests are complete, as a gluten-free diet prior to testing can lead to false-negative results.

Treatment for celiac disease involves strict adherence to a gluten-free diet, meaning the complete avoidance of foods that contain gluten. Initially, a healthcare professional or registered dietitian may provide guidance on how to follow a gluten-free diet effectively, identifying sources of hidden gluten and creating a safe and balanced diet. Long-term management of Celiac disease primarily involves dietary lifestyle changes and regular follow-up with healthcare providers to monitor progress and manage any complications.