What is interstitial cystitis?
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder condition characterized by inflammation and irritation of the bladder lining. It is also known as painful bladder syndrome or bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC). The exact cause of IC is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of factors, including immune system dysfunction, inflammation, nerve problems, and genetics.
Symptoms of IC can vary from person to person and may include:
- Chronic pelvic pain or pressure in the bladder and lower abdomen
- Frequent urination, both day and night (urgency)
- Painful urination (dysuria)
- Bladder spasms
- Feeling of not fully emptying the bladder
- Suprapubic tenderness (pain in the area above the pubic bone)
- Pain during sexual intercourse
- Pain that worsens during menstruation or ovulation
- Fatigue
- Difficulty sleeping
- Mood changes, such as anxiety and depression
Diagnosis of IC involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, urinalysis, urine culture, cystoscopy (a procedure where a thin camera is inserted into the bladder), and bladder biopsies.
Treatment for IC may include a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and behavioral therapies. Medications commonly used to treat IC include:
- Pentosan polysulfate sodium (Elmiron): A oral medication that helps protect the bladder lining
- Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO): A solution that is instilled directly into the bladder
- Hyaluronic acid (Cystistat): A solution that helps to coat and protect the bladder lining
- Anticholinergics: Medications that relax the bladder muscles
- Tricyclic antidepressants: Medications that can relieve pain and urinary symptoms
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Medications that reduce inflammation and relieve pain
Lifestyle changes that may help manage IC symptoms include:
- Avoiding certain foods and drinks, such as spicy and acidic foods, caffeine, and alcohol
- Managing stress
- Pelvic floor muscle exercises
- Bladder training techniques
- Warm baths
- Gentle stretching and exercise
Behavioral therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), can also be helpful in managing pain and improving quality of life.
Interstital cystitis can be a challenging condition to manage, but many individuals find relief through a personalized treatment approach that combines medications, lifestyle modifications, and behavioral techniques.