Kidney Stones in What to Know

Kidney stones are solid, crystalline mineral and salt deposits that form in the kidneys. They can range in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball. Most kidney stones are small enough to pass through the urinary tract without causing any problems. However, larger stones can block the flow of urine, which can lead to pain, infection, and even kidney damage.

Signs and symptoms of kidney stones

Kidney stones can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

- Severe pain in the back, side, or abdomen

- Pain that comes and goes

- Pain that is worse when you move

- Pain that is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, or fever

- Difficulty urinating

- Burning or pain during urination

- Cloudy or bloody urine

- Frequent urination

- Urinating small amounts of urine

Who is at risk for kidney stones?

Certain people are more likely to develop kidney stones than others. These include people who:

- Are male

- Are between the ages of 20 and 40

- Have a family history of kidney stones

- Are obese

- Have certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or Crohn's disease

- Take certain medications, such as diuretics, calcium supplements, or antacids

How are kidney stones diagnosed?

Kidney stones are diagnosed using a variety of tests, including:

- Blood tests

- Urine tests

- X-rays

- Ultrasound

- CT scan

How are kidney stones treated?

The treatment for kidney stones depends on the size of the stones and the severity of the symptoms. Small stones that are not causing any problems may not require treatment. However, larger stones or stones that are blocking the flow of urine may need to be treated with:

- Medication

- Surgery

- Lithotripsy

- Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

How can kidney stones be prevented?

There are a number of things you can do to help prevent kidney stones, including:

- Drink plenty of fluids

- Eat a healthy diet

- Avoid high-sodium foods

- Limit your intake of animal protein

- Avoid foods that are high in oxalate, such as spinach, rhubarb, and chocolate

- Get regular exercise

- Maintain a healthy weight

- Take medication to prevent kidney stones, if necessary