What is the medical meaning of antiphospholipid syndrome?

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) and recurrent thrombosis (blood clotting) or pregnancy morbidity (recurrent miscarriage, fetal loss, or premature birth).

aPLs are a group of antibodies that target phospholipids, which are essential components of cell membranes. When these antibodies bind to phospholipids, they can activate the complement system, a part of the immune system that helps to fight infection. Activation of the complement system can lead to the formation of blood clots and inflammation.

APS is diagnosed based on the presence of aPLs and evidence of thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity. The most common aPLs associated with APS are:

* Anti-cardiolipin antibodies (aCLs)

* Anti-beta-2-glycoprotein I antibodies (aβ2GPIs)

* Lupus anticoagulant

APS can be primary, which means that it occurs without another underlying condition, or secondary, which means that it occurs in association with another autoimmune disease, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or Sjogren's syndrome.

APS can be a serious condition, but it can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes. Treatment typically involves anticoagulant medications (blood thinners) to prevent blood clots and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.

Symptoms of APS can include:

- Recurrent blood clots

- Recurrent miscarriages

- Premature birth

- Stillbirth

- Headaches

- Confusion

- Seizures

- Skin rashes

- Kidney problems

- Lung problems