What are the 2 main stages of waste removal by kidneys?

Glomerular Filtration: It is the initial step in waste removal where the blood is forced through the glomeruli, which are small filters in the kidneys. This filtration results in the formation of a filtrate that is similar in composition to blood plasma, but without the large proteins like albumin and clotting factors.

Tubular Reabsorption: This process takes place in the renal tubules, which are the small tubes connecting the glomeruli to the collecting ducts. As the filtrate flows through the tubules, essential substances such as glucose, amino acids, water, and salts are selectively reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. This reabsorption helps in conserving vital nutrients and maintaining the body's fluid and electrolyte balance.

After the reabsorption process, the remaining filtrate, which contains waste products, excess ions, and toxins, moves along the tubules and enters the collecting ducts. These ducts merge to form larger tubes that carry the final urine to the bladder, where it is stored until elimination.