What substances are being filtered in kidneys?

Kidneys filter a wide range of substances from the blood, including:

1. Urea: Urea is the main nitrogenous waste product of protein metabolism. It is produced when proteins are broken down in the liver and is then transported to the kidneys for excretion.

2. Creatinine: Creatinine is a waste product that is produced when muscles break down.

3. Uric acid: Uric acid is a waste product that is produced when purines (substances found in some foods, such as meats, organ meats, and certain vegetables) are broken down.

4. Electrolytes: Electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium, help to regulate the balance of fluids and the pH level in the body.

5. Water: Water is filtered through the kidneys to help regulate the body's fluid balance. Excess water is excreted as urine.

6. Glucose: Glucose is a type of sugar that is filtered through the kidneys. The kidneys reabsorb most of the glucose back into the bloodstream, so only a small amount is excreted in the urine.

7. Amino acids: Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. The kidneys reabsorb most of the amino acids back into the bloodstream, so only a small amount is excreted in the urine.

8. Vitamins: Vitamins are essential nutrients that are filtered through the kidneys. The kidneys reabsorb most of the vitamins back into the bloodstream, so only a small amount is excreted in the urine.

9. Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by glands and transported throughout the body. The kidneys help to regulate the levels of some hormones by excreting them in the urine.