Why does kidney and liver failure often cause severe swelling bloating?

Fluid retention (edema) caused by severe kidney or liver failure leads to swelling, particularly in the legs, feet, lower and upper limbs. This is often one of the first significant symptoms of either. Liver failure impairs the production of albumin, a vital blood component that transports molecules throughout the bloodstream and manages fluid balance. When protein levels drop, fluid shifts out of the bloodstream into the body tissues. Liver dysfunction also impacts bilirubin metabolism, resulting in jaundice (yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes) and itching. Kidney failure, in contrast, alters fluid and electrolyte balance, leading to fluid accumulation and hypertension. Both conditions necessitate prompt medical intervention and management.