How are renal calculi treated?

Renal calculi, commonly known as kidney stones, can be treated in various ways depending on their size, location, and composition. Here are some common treatment methods for renal calculi:

1. Conservative Management:

- Hydration: Drinking plenty of water helps to flush out small stones and prevent further formation.

2. Medical Expulsion Therapy (MET):

- Medications such as alpha-blockers or calcium channel blockers can help relax the muscles of the urinary tract, making it easier for small stones to pass.

3. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL):

- This non-invasive procedure uses shock waves to break larger stones into smaller fragments that can be passed more easily.

4. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL):

- For larger or complex stones, PCNL involves making a small incision in the back and using instruments to directly access and remove the stones from the kidney.

5. Ureteroscopy and Laser Lithotripsy:

- A thin, flexible tube with a camera (ureteroscope) is inserted through the urethra and into the ureter to visualize the stone. Laser energy is then used to break the stones into smaller pieces that can be removed or passed naturally.

6. Open Surgery:

- In rare cases, surgery may be necessary for large or complex stones that cannot be removed using other methods.

It's important for a healthcare professional to assess the specific情況 and recommend the most appropriate treatment option based on the individual's unique circumstances. After treatment, preventive measures may be recommended to reduce the risk of future stone formation.