What Are the Causes of GI Bleeding?

Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract may come from the upper GI section (from mouth to small intestine) or the lower GI section (small intestine through anus). Conditions that cause bleeding range from highly treatable conditions to life threatening situations. Bleeding may be undetectable or it can appear black and tarry in feces and vomit, or bright red.

Ulcers

• Ulcers occur as lacerations in the upper digestive tract that may be caused by infection or some medications. Blood may be present in stool and in vomit if ulcers are the cause of GI bleeding.

Inflammation

• Inflammation can cause bleeding in the GI tract. Inflammation may occur in lining of the esophagus, often because of GERD, a condition where stomach acid enters the esophagus. Inflammation in stomach tissue is referred to as gastritis and may be caused by medication, injuries, illness and disease. Inflammation in the colon is called colitis.

Tears in the Esophagus

• Prolonged vomiting or severe vomiting can create tears within the lining of the esophagus, called Mallory-Weiss tears. These tears may also occur from other straining, such as coughing or childbirth.

Esophageal Varices

• Esophageal varices is a condition where the veins located in the esophagus swell and rupture, causing bleeding. This condition is associated with cirrhosis.

Tumors and Cancers

• Tumor formations in both the upper GI and lower GI can cause bleeding. Both cancerous tumors and benign tumors can result in bleeding. Growths found within the colon are called polyps.

Diverticulum

• According to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse, diverticula are pouches within the walls of the colon that may cause bleeding.

Hemorrhoids

• Hemorrhoids cause bleeding because of the enlarged and irritated veins around the anus. Anal fissures, or tears in the skin of the rectum, also cause bleeding.