What complications may arise as a result of venipunture?

1. Hematoma

- Blood accumulates in the tissues surrounding the venipuncture site, causing swelling, pain, and discoloration.

- Risk factors include:

- Poor venipuncture technique

- Fragile veins

- Needle too large for the vein

- Patient on anticoagulants

2. Infection

- Entry of microorganisms into the bloodstream at the venipuncture site, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, and localized pain.

- Risk Factors include:

- Not following proper aseptic technique

- Immunosuppressed patients

- Contaminated equipment

3. Nerve Damage

- Injury to a nerve near the venipuncture site can result in numbness, tingling, or even paralysis.

- Risk factors include:

- Inexperienced phlebotomist

- Anatomical variations

- Multiple attempts at venipuncture

4. Vasovagal Syncope

- Also known as fainting, occurs when the vagus nerve is stimulated during venipuncture, leading to a sudden drop in blood pressure and loss of consciousness.

- Risk factors include:

- Anxiety

- Dehydration

- Certain medical conditions

5. Thrombophlebitis

- Inflammation of a vein due to the formation of a blood clot, characterized by pain, redness, and tenderness along the affected vein.

- Risk factors include:

- Prolonged IV therapy

- Immobility

- Underlying clotting disorders

6. Arterial Puncture

- Accidental puncture of an artery instead of a vein, which can lead to uncontrolled bleeding and potential damage to surrounding structures.

- Risk factors include:

- Difficulty in visualizing the veins

- Anatomic variations

- Inexperience

7. Extravasation

- Leakage of fluid from the vein into the surrounding tissues during venipuncture, causing swelling, pain, and potential tissue damage.

- Risk factors include:

- Poor vein selection

- Movement of the patient during venipuncture

- Needle too large for the vein