Does anaemia affect the nervous system?

Anaemia, particularly when severe, can affect the nervous system in several ways:

1. Neurological Symptoms: Severe anaemia can lead to neurological symptoms such as:

- Confusion

- Impaired memory

- Difficulty concentrating

- Headache

- Dizziness

- Irritability

- Fatigue

2. Peripheral Neuropathy: Vitamin B12 deficiency-related anaemia (pernicious anaemia) can cause damage to the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, resulting in peripheral neuropathy. Symptoms may include:

- Numbness

- Tingling

- Burning sensations

- Muscle weakness

- Difficulty walking

3. Cerebral Hypoxia: Anaemia reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, leading to cerebral hypoxia (inadequate oxygen supply to the brain). Prolonged hypoxia can cause damage to brain cells and various neurological deficits.

4. Cognitive Impairment: Chronic anaemia, especially in children and older adults, has been associated with cognitive impairment, including reduced attention span, memory problems, and difficulties with cognitive processing.

5. Increased Risk of Stroke: Severe anaemia may increase the risk of stroke due to increased blood viscosity and a higher likelihood of blood clot formation.

6. Developmental Delays in Children: In children, severe anaemia during critical periods of development can lead to delayed development, including motor and cognitive milestones.

It's worth noting that not all types of anaemia cause neurological effects. For example, iron-deficiency anaemia typically doesn't directly affect the nervous system unless it's severe or coexists with other nutritional deficiencies.

When anaemia is identified as the underlying cause of neurological symptoms, prompt diagnosis and treatment of the anaemia are crucial to improve neurological function and prevent further damage.