What enzyme is lacking in albinism and what affects does it have on the cell?

The enzyme that is lacking in albinism is tyrosinase. Tyrosinase is responsible for the conversion of tyrosine to melanin, which is the pigment that gives skin, hair, and eyes their color. Without tyrosinase, melanin cannot be produced, resulting in the characteristic lack of pigmentation seen in albinism.

The lack of tyrosinase and melanin has several effects on the cell:

Reduced protection from UV radiation: Melanin acts as a natural sunscreen, protecting the skin from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Without melanin, individuals with albinism are more susceptible to sunburn, skin cancer, and other UV-related skin damage.

Ocular problems: The lack of melanin in the eyes can cause several ocular problems, including reduced visual acuity, nystagmus (involuntary rapid eye movements), and photophobia (sensitivity to light).

Impaired immune response: Melanin has been found to play a role in the immune system. Without melanin, individuals with albinism may have a reduced ability to fight off infections and diseases.

It's important to note that albinism is a spectrum disorder, and the severity of the condition can vary greatly from individual to individual. Some people with albinism may have very little melanin production, while others may have some degree of pigmentation. The effects of albinism on the cell and the overall health of the individual can also vary accordingly.