How does bilharzia affect the body?

Bilharzia, also known as schistosomiasis, is a parasitic disease caused by trematode flukes of the genus _Schistosoma_. Infection with _Schistosoma_ parasites can cause a range of symptoms and health problems, depending on the species of parasite and the intensity of the infection. Here are some of the ways bilharzia can affect the body:

- Skin: Schistosome larvae (cercariae) can penetrate the skin when people come into contact with contaminated water, causing a condition known as "swimmer's itch". The skin may develop an itchy rash, bumps, or sores at the site of penetration.

- Intestines: Some species of _Schistosoma_, such as _S. mansoni_ and _S. japonicum_, primarily affect the intestines. The parasites may cause intestinal inflammation, abdominal pain, diarrhea (sometimes bloody), nausea, and vomiting. Chronic infection can lead to intestinal damage, malabsorption of nutrients, and weight loss.

- Liver: _S. mansoni_ and _S. japonicum_ can also affect the liver. The parasites can cause inflammation and damage to the liver tissue, leading to liver enlargement (hepatomegaly), fibrosis, and in severe cases, liver failure.

- Bladder: _Schistosoma haematobium_ primarily affects the urinary tract, particularly the bladder. The parasites may cause inflammation and damage to the bladder wall, leading to frequent urination, pain during urination, and blood in the urine (hematuria). Chronic infection can increase the risk of bladder cancer.

- Other organs: In some cases, bilharzia can also affect other organs such as the lungs, nervous system, and heart. Heavy infections may cause systemic symptoms including fatigue, weakness, fever, and weight loss.

- Long-term consequences: Chronic bilharzia infection, particularly in cases where treatment is delayed or inadequate, can lead to long-term health problems such as anemia, malnutrition, impaired cognitive development in children, and increased susceptibility to other infections.