When blood glucose levels fall the liver?

When blood glucose levels fall, the liver plays a crucial role in maintaining glucose homeostasis by releasing stored glucose into the bloodstream. This process is known as hepatic gluconeogenesis. Here's an overview of what happens in the liver when blood glucose levels decrease:

1. Glucose Sensing: Specialized cells in the liver, called hepatocytes, can sense changes in blood glucose levels. When blood glucose falls below a certain threshold, it triggers a cascade of hormonal and metabolic responses.

2. Hormonal Signals: The decrease in blood glucose stimulates the release of several hormones, including glucagon, epinephrine (adrenaline), and cortisol. These hormones signal the liver to initiate gluconeogenesis.

3. Breakdown of Glycogen: The liver stores glucose in the form of glycogen through a process called glycogenesis. When blood glucose levels drop, the liver breaks down glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) through a process called glycogenolysis.

4. Gluconeogenesis: In gluconeogenesis, the liver synthesizes new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids, lactate, and glycerol. Gluconeogenesis involves several enzymatic reactions that convert these precursors into G1P, which can then be converted into glucose.

5. Glucose Release: Once glucose is produced in the liver through gluconeogenesis or glycogenolysis, it is released into the bloodstream. This helps to elevate blood glucose levels and restore glucose homeostasis.

The liver's ability to release glucose through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis is essential in preventing hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). These processes ensure a continuous supply of glucose to the body's cells, particularly those that rely heavily on glucose for energy, such as the brain and red blood cells.