If gramicidin is added to an actively respiring muscle cell how would it affect the rates of electron transport proton pumping and ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation?
Gramicidin is a channel-forming antibiotic that increases the permeability of cell membranes to ions, including protons (H+). Here's how it would affect the rates of electron transport, proton pumping, and ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation:
1. Electron Transport:
- Gramicidin does not directly affect the electron transport chain itself.
2. Proton Pumping:
- Gramicidin disrupts the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane by allowing protons to leak back into the mitochondrial matrix.
- As a result, the proton motive force (PMF) decreases.
3. ATP Synthesis:
- ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation is driven by the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Because gramicidin dissipates the proton gradient, the synthesis of ATP decreases significantly.
Summary:
The addition of gramicidin to an actively respiring muscle cell would have the following effects:
- Electron transport remains unaffected.
- Proton pumping is inhibited due to the leakage of protons across the membrane.
- ATP synthesis is greatly reduced due to the diminished proton gradient.
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