Convulsive Seizure Disorder

It is the kind most think about at the mention of the word seizure--a disturbing image of a person on the ground, his limbs flailing as we stand idly and helplessly by. These types of seizures look painful and can be extremely difficult to watch, especially if we don't know what exactly is going on and what, if anything, there is we can do to help.

Types

• All convulsive seizures fall under the umbrella of generalized seizures, but only the generalized absence seizure is considered to not be convulsive. Those considered convulsive are generalized tonic-clonic, myoclonic and atonic. There is also the chance of any seizure turning into what is known as status epilepticus if it lasts longer than five minutes.

Identification

• Tonic-clonic seizures begin with the tonic phase which consists of the stiffening of limbs followed by the clonic stage of convulsions. These seizures generally last around two to three minutes and also involve a period of unconsciousness. The myoclonic seizure is characterized by brief, rapid muscle contractions occurring on both sides of the body that can occasionally involve just one arm or one foot. The atonic seizure is an abrupt loss in muscle tone, and other names include drop attacks, astatic or akinetic.

Causes

• Most often the cause for any kind of seizure is unknown. Genetics and any medical problems which result in damage to the brain such as stroke or meningitis--even dementia--and prenatal injury or developmental disorders such as autism can be among potential reasons. Grand mal or tonic-clonic seizures can be caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and also can be brought on by extremely low blood pressure.

First Aid

• First aid is generally not needed for a first-time myoclonic or atonic seizure, though the sufferer should see her doctor. First aid for tonic-clonic seizures is important, however, for the safety of the person experiencing the seizure, and here's what you can do:

  Stay as calm as you can, and have someone time the seizure. Help the victim lie down and place something soft under her head and neck and ensure nothing sharp or hard is nearby. Roll her onto one side and angle her head toward the ground. Loosen all tight clothing and remove any glasses. Do not restrain or put anything into her mouth. Once the seizure is over, walk around with her and avoid giving beverages, pills or food until she is fully alert. If this is her first seizure or if it lasts more than five minutes, call 911.

Tests and Treatment

• A few tests may be performed to help determine the cause of the seizure or any damage sustained by the convulsions. The Mayo Clinic writes that neurological and behavioral exams will test your motor abilities and behavior to see how the seizures are affecting you. Other tests include blood tests to determine any infections, anemia or diabetes, which are other possible causes of seizures. IQ, memory and speech assessments may be called for as well as brain scans, such as the EEG, CT or CAT scan, MRI or PET scan to detect any abnormalities in the brain. Treatment will begin primarily with medication, a special diet called the ketogenic diet in the case of children, vagus nerve stimulation, and finally surgery if nothing else seems to work.