Clinical Manifestation for Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's is a neurological disease that causes tremors and changes in movement. The four main clinical features of Parkinson's disease are given the acronym TRAP and include tremor, rigidity, akinesia and postural instability.

Tremor

• Tremors are often the first symptom seen in Parkinson's and usually begin in the hands; a patient may rub his thumb and forefinger back and forth. However, not all Parkinson's patients experience major tremors.

Rigidity

• Rigidity, or muscle stiffness, most often affects the arms, legs and neck and can severely limit range of motion because the muscles never relax. It can also cause pain and cramping.

Akinesia

• Also known as bradykinesia, akinesia is characterized by slow movements, including a shuffling walk. It can also cause difficulty starting or stopping a movement and often affects the face.

Postural Instability

• Parkinson's disease can affect balance and coordination, especially in later stages of the disease, and can also cause a stooped posture. Combined with other symptoms, this can increase the risk of injury from falls.

Other Signs

• A combination of the four features can cause other problems including speech difficulties, loss of voluntary movement and difficulty swallowing. Dementia may appear in later stages of the disease.