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Generalized Seizure Disorders

A seizure is an episode of involuntary contractions of muscle and an alteration of the state of consciousness that occurs suddenly and without control. There are several different types of seizures, and the symptoms can vary depending upon the type.

  1. Significance

    • Seizure types generally fall into one of two main classes: primary generalized seizures and partial seizures. The distinction between the two classes of seizures is the type of electrical charge that initiates the seizure. For a primary generalized seizure, the electrical discharge is widespread throughout the brain as opposed to isolated to one area of the brain as seen in partial seizures.

    Causes

    • Often, the electrical discharge that causes a generalized seizure can be attributed to hereditary factors or severe infections or immune system disorders that affect the entire body. The seizures are initiated by anything that disturbs the typical functioning of the person's brain. Many people experience generalized seizures only once, unless the person suffers from epilepsy.

    Types

    • There are several different types of primary generalized seizures: absence, atypical absence, myoclonic, atonic, tonic, clonic and tonic-clonic. The distinction between the types of partial seizures is based upon brain activity leading to the seizure, outward signs from the seizure, length of time and degree of severity.

    Symptoms

    • Since generalized seizures affect the entire brain, the associated symptoms typically involve the entire body and end with a loss of consciousness. As a general rule, symptoms of a generalized seizure include loss of muscle control (such as twitching or stiffening), salivation or foaming from the mouth, jaw clenching, tongue biting and loss of involuntary functions, such as bladder control or breathing. The seizures are also often followed by a period of fatigue and drowsiness.

    Treatment

    • The treatment method chosen is highly dependent upon what is causing the seizure. A battery of tests is typically required to identify the cause, and the treatment method is then tailored according to the cause. For example, individuals that have seizures as a result of blood sugar fluctuations may be treated with medications that more accurately control blood sugar.

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