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What Are the Mechanisms by Which a TENS Unit Works?

A transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit is a device designed to relieve both acute and chronic pain. It works through several mechanisms that help alter the body's normal pain perception.

  1. The Facts

    • A typical TENS unit consists of a power-generating unit with wire leads that attach to a pair of electrodes, notes the American Cancer Society (ACS). During treatment, doctors place these electrodes on the skin near the site of pain.

    Electrical Current

    • When the electrodes are in place, the TENS unit passes electrical current through the skin to specific target nerves, according to SpineUniverse. Depending on the needs of the individual, the current may be steady or intermittent.

    Endorphin Stimulation

    • Doctors believe that TENS units gain their effects by encouraging the body to produce natural painkillers called endorphins, reports SpineUniverse.

    Pain Medication

    • In cases of acute pain, doctors may also place pain medication on TENS unit electrodes, where the applied current allows the medication to penetrate under the skin, according to SpineUniverse.

    Symptom Relief

    • The heat generated by a TENS unit can relieve symptoms including pain and stiffness, as well as improve mobility, notes SpineUniverse.

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