What Is Ritalin Used for?

Methylphenidate, commonly sold under the brand name Ritalin, is widely prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit disorders and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Ritalin affects a patient's central nervous system and increases mental focus. In patients suffering from Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Ritalin offers hope for controlling anxious responses long enough to allow the person to relax and function in a beneficial manner. Children with attention disorders often use Ritalin to decrease misbehavior and increase mental acuity.

History

• Developed in the 1950s, Methylphenidate was originally prescribed for Mohr's syndrome. Within a few years, however, it became evident that patients taking methylphenidate were experiencing beneficial mental side effects that included increased concentration and memory retention, as well as the ability to direct their attention for longer periods of time without experiencing mental fatigue. In addition, these patients were more alert and functioned on a more productive level. By the late 1960s, Ritalin was the drug of choice for hyperactive children.

Effects

• Ritalin works by reducing a dopamine transporter (DAT) chemical in the brain. DAT leaches the hormone dopamine from the central nervous system. In a normal brain, DAT reduces only excessive levels of dopamine, the feel-good hormone that regulates our decision-making ability and allows us to feel pleasure. However, in a patient with ADD, the levels of dopamine are so low that concentration is difficult and the patient may experience panic attacks, aggression and the inability to carry out simple tasks without becoming anxious.

Significance

• Since 1990, Ritalin has enjoyed widespread acceptance in the treatment of children with attention problems. The result has been the successful education of ADD children and their progression into adult life as contributing members of society.

Prevention/Solution

• Because Ritalin results in an increase of dopamine levels in the brain, the drug is a favorite of substance abusers looking for a quick high. Ritalin is regulated under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) of 1970 as a "Schedule 2" drug with an elevated risk of potential abuse. As such, the Drug Enforcement Association (DEA) monitors the strength and dosage amount, and production is limited to prevent over-storage of the medication.

Warning

• As with all prescription medication, methylphenidate produces undesirable side effects in a small percentage of users. Some patients will experience emotional instability or mood swings, fewer may complain of increased bruising, bleeding gums, headaches or intestinal upset. Studies conducted on the effect of methylphenidate to stunt the growth of children were inconclusive.