Cranial Enlargement

Cranial enlargement refers to growth of the skull to abnormally large size. It is associated with several diseases and disorders. Some of the most common are hydrocephalus, Paget's disease of bone and gigantism.

Hydrocephalus

• Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by excessive fluid in the brain. It is associated with cranial enlargement only when it affects children, whose skulls are still malleable enough to expand from the fluid's pressure. Adults, whose skulls are fully fused and much harder, experience intense headaches and cognition problems. Hydrocephalus is most often treated surgically, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

Paget's Disease of Bone

• Paget's disease of bone involves abnormal bone growth and weakening of the bones. It occurs most commonly in the skull, pelvis, spine and legs. It is most common in older people and affects more men than women. It can be treated with medicine or surgery but, as with hydrocephalus, its causes are still unknown, according to MedlinePlus.

Gigantism

• Gigantism is abnormally large growth of the bones. It is caused by excessive amounts of growth hormone released in childhood when bone plates are still being formed. The most common cause of gigantism is a benign tumor on the pituitary gland. Gigantism can cause excessive growth of the head, including the facial features and jaw. It can be treated surgically or with radiation therapy, according to MedlinePlus.