What body systems does chronic obstructive pulmonary disease affect and how it them?

Respiratory System

COPD primarily affects the respiratory system. It causes inflammation and damage to the airways and lungs, leading to airflow limitation. The airways become narrower, and the air sacs (alveoli) are damaged, making it harder to breathe. This can cause shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness.

Cardiovascular System

COPD can also affect the cardiovascular system. The increased effort required to breathe can put strain on the heart, leading to high blood pressure (hypertension) and an increased risk of heart disease, heart failure, and stroke.

Immune System

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can weaken the immune system, making people more susceptible to infections such as pneumonia and influenza. This is because COPD damages the cells in the lungs that help fight off infections.

Musculoskeletal System

COPD can cause changes in the musculoskeletal system. The muscles used for breathing can become weaker, and the chest muscles may enlarge in response to the increased effort required to breathe. This can lead to pain and discomfort.

Other systems

COPD can also affect other body systems, such as the digestive system, leading to gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) and malnutrition, and the psychological well-being, causing anxiety, depression, and reduced quality of life.