What causes nocturnal bruxism?

The exact causes of nocturnal bruxism are still not fully understood, but several factors are believed to play a role.

• Malocclusion: Misalignment or abnormal contact of the upper and lower teeth.

• Stress and anxiety: Physical and psychological stress can lead to increased subconscious muscle activity, which may manifest as bruxism.

• Certain medications: Some antidepressants and antihistamines have been associated with an increased risk of nocturnal bruxism.

• Sleep disorders: Bruxism can be associated with sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and restless legs syndrome.

• Genetics: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition or inherited susceptibility to bruxism.

• Caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol: These substances have stimulant and muscle-stimulating effects, which can contribute to bruxism.

• Medical conditions: Certain neurological conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, and gastrointestinal issues, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), may also be linked to bruxism.

• Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): This is a sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of complete or partial airway obstruction during sleep. It can lead to frequent arousals and sleep fragmentation, which can increase the risk of bruxism.

• Orofacial Pain: Chronic orofacial pain, such as temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJD), can cause bruxism as a result of muscle spasms or pain-related tension in the jaw muscles.

• Medications: Certain medications, such as antidepressants and antipsychotics, have been associated with increased muscle activity and movement disorders, which can include bruxism as a side effect.