How does glutathione act in the body?

Glutathione (GSH) plays several crucial roles in the body:

1. Antioxidant Defense:

- GSH is one of the body's primary endogenous antioxidants.

- It directly neutralizes free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cells, proteins, and DNA.

- GSH can regenerate other antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, restoring their ability to neutralize free radicals.

2. Detoxification:

- GSH helps detoxify various harmful substances, including heavy metals, drugs, alcohol, and metabolic waste products.

- It conjugates with these substances, making them more water-soluble and easier to excrete from the body.

3. Immune System Support:

- GSH is essential for immune function.

- It helps activate immune cells, such as natural killer cells and macrophages, which are involved in eliminating pathogens and damaged cells.

- GSH also assists in the regulation of inflammatory responses.

4. Protein Synthesis:

- GSH is involved in the synthesis of proteins.

- It ensures the proper folding and stability of proteins within cells.

5. Enzyme Cofactor:

- GSH acts as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in various metabolic processes, such as amino acid metabolism, DNA synthesis, and energy production.

6. Cellular Signaling:

- GSH is involved in cellular signaling pathways, particularly those related to cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

7. Mitochondrial Function:

- GSH helps maintain the proper functioning of mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles of cells.

- It protects mitochondrial components from oxidative damage, ensuring efficient energy production.

8. Hepatic Protection:

- GSH is particularly abundant in the liver, where it plays a crucial role in detoxifying various substances processed by the liver.

- It helps protect liver cells from damage and supports liver function.

Overall, glutathione is vital for maintaining cellular homeostasis, protecting against oxidative stress, and supporting various physiological processes essential for overall health.