What happens when you get a sunburn?

When exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds, the skin undergoes a series of biological processes that lead to sunburn. Here's a breakdown of what happens when you get a sunburn:

1. UV Radiation Absorption: UV rays penetrate the skin's outermost layer, known as the epidermis. These rays are absorbed by molecules in the skin, primarily DNA and proteins.

2. Cellular Damage: The absorption of UV radiation causes damage to the skin cells' DNA and other cellular components. This damage disrupts normal cell function and can lead to sunburn.

3. Inflammation: The body's immune system responds to the cellular damage by triggering an inflammatory response. This is characterized by the release of chemicals like histamine, which causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate and become leaky, leading to redness and swelling.

4. Increased Blood Flow: The dilation of blood vessels brings more blood to the affected area, resulting in increased warmth in the skin. This is what gives sunburned skin its hot and burning sensation.

5. Pain and Sensitivity: The sunburn can cause pain and tenderness due to inflammation and nerve stimulation. The skin becomes sensitive to touch, even the lightest brushing can feel uncomfortable.

6. Blistering: In severe cases, sunburn can cause blistering as the damaged cells release fluids beneath the skin's surface. These blisters can be painful and may break open, leading to a risk of infection.

7. Peeling and Desquamation: As the sunburn heals, the damaged outermost layers of skin start to peel off, a process known as desquamation. This shedding reveals the new, undamaged skin underneath.

8. Long-Term Effects: Repeated or severe sunburns can have long-term consequences, such as premature skin aging, increased risk of skin cancer, and the development of actinic keratosis, which are rough, scaly patches on the skin caused by sun damage.

It's essential to protect your skin from UV radiation by seeking shade, wearing protective clothing, and applying sunscreen with a high sun protection factor (SPF) regularly. Sunburns are not just uncomfortable, but can also have serious health implications in the long run.