How is penile cancer treated?

Penile cancer treatment options depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Here are some common treatment methods:

1. Surgery:

- Local excision: For small, non-invasive tumors, a localized surgical removal of the tumor may be sufficient.

- Partial penectomy: If the tumor is more extensive but confined to a specific area of the penis, a partial penectomy may be performed to remove the affected part while preserving the rest of the penis.

- Total penectomy: In cases where the cancer is extensive or has invaded deeper tissues, a complete removal of the penis (total penectomy) may be necessary.

2. Radiation therapy:

- External beam radiation therapy (EBRT): High-energy X-rays or other forms of radiation are directed at the tumor from an external source.

- Brachytherapy: Radioactive material is placed directly into or near the tumor, providing a concentrated dose of radiation.

3. Chemotherapy:

- Systemic chemotherapy: Medications are administered intravenously (IV) to target cancer cells throughout the body. This is typically used for advanced or metastatic penile cancer.

4. Laser therapy:

- Photodynamic therapy (PDT): A light-activated drug (photosensitizer) is injected into the tumor, which is then activated by a specific wavelength of light. This damages the cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue.

5. Targeted therapy:

- Immunotherapy: Drugs that stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells may be used in advanced cases.

- Angiogenesis inhibitors: These medications block the formation of new blood vessels that supply the tumor with oxygen and nutrients.

6. Reconstructive surgery:

- After partial or total penectomy, reconstructive surgery may be performed to restore penile function and appearance. Techniques like phalloplasty or penile prosthesis implantation may be used.

7. Supportive care:

- Pain management: Medications and other strategies are used to manage pain and discomfort during and after treatment.

- Psychological support: Dealing with a cancer diagnosis and treatment can be emotionally challenging. Counseling, support groups, and other psychological interventions may be beneficial.

Treatment decisions are typically made by a team of healthcare professionals, including urologists, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, and other specialists, based on a thorough evaluation of the patient's condition and individual needs.