How is urinary retention diagnosed?

Diagnosing urinary retention involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and specific tests. Here are the steps typically followed to diagnose urinary retention:

1. Medical History and Symptoms:

- The healthcare provider asks about the patient's symptoms, such as difficulty urinating, incomplete bladder emptying, or a feeling of urinary urgency without being able to pass urine.

- Information about underlying medical conditions, medications, or prior episodes of urinary retention is collected.

2. Physical Examination:

- The abdomen and lower back may be examined for any pain, tenderness, or distension.

- The healthcare provider may gently palpate the bladder to assess for fullness.

3. Bladder Scan or Ultrasound:

- A bladder scan or ultrasound of the bladder may be performed to measure the amount of urine retained in the bladder. This can help determine the severity of urinary retention.

4. Urine Analysis:

- A urine sample may be collected and analyzed to check for signs of infection, blood, or other abnormalities that could contribute to urinary retention.

5. Voiding Trial:

- If possible, the person may be asked to attempt to urinate. The healthcare provider may monitor the urine flow rate, which can provide information about potential obstructions.

6. Imaging Studies:

- Depending on the suspected cause of urinary retention, imaging tests such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be ordered to assess the urinary tract, prostate gland, or surrounding structures for abnormalities or obstructions.

7. Urodynamic Testing:

- Urodynamic testing evaluates how well the bladder stores urine and releases it. This involves measuring bladder pressures and flows during filling and voiding.

8. Cystoscopy:

- In some cases, a flexible tube with a camera (cystoscope) may be inserted through the urethra into the bladder to visually inspect the urethra and bladder for any obstructions or abnormalities.

Based on the findings of these tests and examinations, the healthcare provider can make a diagnosis of urinary retention and determine the appropriate treatment plan.