How does urinary tract infection cause delirium?

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can cause delirium, especially in older adults and people with weakened immune systems. The exact mechanisms by which UTIs lead to delirium are not fully understood, but several factors are thought to contribute:

Systemic inflammation: UTIs can cause inflammation throughout the body, including the brain. This inflammation can disrupt brain function and lead to delirium.

Endotoxins: Bacteria and other microorganisms that cause UTIs release endotoxins, which are toxic substances that can damage brain cells and contribute to delirium.

Dehydration: UTIs can lead to dehydration, which can also contribute to delirium. Dehydration can alter brain function and make it more susceptible to the effects of inflammation and other factors that can cause delirium.

Electrolyte imbalances: UTIs can also cause electrolyte imbalances, such as hyponatremia (low sodium levels) or hypernatremia (high sodium levels). These imbalances can disrupt brain function and lead to delirium.

Medications: Antibiotics and other medications used to treat UTIs can also contribute to delirium, especially in older adults. Some medications can cross the blood-brain barrier and directly affect brain function, leading to delirium.

Underlying conditions: People with underlying medical conditions, such as dementia, diabetes, or heart disease, are more likely to develop delirium when they have a UTI. These conditions can make the brain more vulnerable to the effects of the factors mentioned above.