How does the cytomegalovirus infection manifest itself?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection can manifest itself in various ways, depending on the individual's immune status, the strain of CMV, and the site of infection. Here are some common manifestations of CMV infection:

Congenital CMV Infection:

In newborns infected with CMV before birth, symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include:

- Microcephaly (abnormally small head)

- Hearing loss

- Vision impairment

- Developmental delays

- Seizures

- Liver and spleen enlargement

- Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes)

CMV Mononucleosis (CMV Mono):

Similar to infectious mononucleosis caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, CMV mono can cause symptoms such as:

- Fever

- Fatigue

- Swollen lymph nodes

- Sore throat

- Muscle aches

- Headache

CMV Retinitis:

A severe eye infection that primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or following organ transplantation. It can cause blurred vision, floaters, and, if left untreated, can lead to blindness.

CMV Gastrointestinal Disease:

CMV can cause inflammation and ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to symptoms like:

- Abdominal pain

- Diarrhea

- Nausea

- Vomiting

- Esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus)

- Colitis (inflammation of the colon)

CMV Pneumonitis:

A lung infection that can occur in immunocompromised individuals, causing:

- Cough

- Shortness of breath

- Fever

- Chest pain

Other Manifestations:

- Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver)

- Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle)

- Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)

- Bone marrow suppression

- Guillain-Barré syndrome (a neurological disorder causing muscle weakness and paralysis)

- Polymyositis (inflammation of skeletal muscles)

It is important to note that many CMV infections are asymptomatic, meaning individuals may carry the virus without experiencing noticeable symptoms. However, in immunocompromised individuals, CMV can reactivate and cause more severe or life-threatening illnesses. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and management are essential for preventing serious complications.