What is monkey B virus?
Monkey B virus (MBV), also known as Herpesvirus simiae or simian herpesvirus B, is a member of the Alphaherpesvirus genus of the Herpesviridae family of viruses. It is a neurotropic virus that can cause a fatal encephalitis in humans and other primates, including monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas.
MBV is naturally found in wild macaques and other Old World monkeys, where it usually causes a mild or unapparent infection. However, when transmitted to humans or other non-primate species, it can cause severe symptoms and be fatal in up to 80% of cases.
Transmission:
MBV is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or secretions, such as saliva, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid. It can also be transmitted through bites, scratches, or other forms of contact with infected animals. Laboratory personnel, zookeepers, veterinarians, and researchers who work with non-human primates are at increased risk of infection.
Symptoms:
In humans, MBV infection can cause a range of symptoms, including:
- Fever
- Headache
- Nausea and vomiting
- Seizures
- Confusion and delirium
- Weakness
- Paralysis
- Coma
Treatment:
There is no specific antiviral treatment for MBV infection, and supportive care is the mainstay of therapy. Treatment may involve hospitalization, intensive supportive care, and management of symptoms. Acyclovir, an antiviral drug commonly used for herpes simplex virus infections, has shown some effectiveness in treating MBV infection, but its efficacy is limited. Ribavirin, another antiviral drug, may also be used in some cases.
Prevention:
Prevention of MBV infection is critical due to its high fatality rate. The following steps can help reduce the risk of infection:
- Avoid direct contact with wild monkeys and apes, both living and dead.
- Wear protective clothing and gloves when handling non-human primates or their tissues in laboratory settings.
- Exercise caution when working with animals that may be infected, and follow strict laboratory safety protocols.
- Promptly report any bites, scratches, or exposures to infected animals to healthcare professionals.
- Keep pet monkeys vaccinated against MBV (where available).
Public Health Significance:
While monkey B virus infections are rare in humans, the potential for severe disease and high fatality rate necessitate strict adherence to safety measures and infection control practices. Education, awareness, and appropriate training for individuals working with non-human primates are essential in preventing the spread of MBV and protecting public health.